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Faults and Fault lines: The Representation of Disability in Hindu Myths

Prakriti Anand
By Prakriti Anand
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When an average Hindu’s feet accidentally touch a book, the immediate reaction is that of guilt. They instantly seek the forgiveness of Vidya Mata (a generic name for goddess Saraswati, the deity of knowledge, who is believed to reside in books). This is how myths and beliefs arising out of religion form the collective consciousness of a people. Our behaviour and reactions are shaped by them. Like reflex actions, we act upon these instincts and ideas in every context, event, and subject we encounter in our everyday lives.

This impact of myths and religion is felt even more strongly in a society like ours, where for everything around us, the ancient texts came up with explanations so intricate, even the most rational ones among us feel obliged to follow their logic. In this article, we will attempt to look at myths, beliefs, and stories regarding disability, and understand how and to what extent they continue to impact our societal mentality. Through the example of Manthara, we will attempt an assessment of the attitude of Indians towards disability as shaped by mythological sources.

First, let us understand why we make myths. Sociologists suggest that one of the many uses of myths is to make sense of what is happening around us. In this role, myths bring order to an otherwise haphazard world by placing the various elements in a discernible sequence. Functionalism, an approach in Humanities, studies myths as a tool to answer philosophical questions while simultaneously shaping and restricting behaviour to bring symmetry to the society. The theory of Karma, one of the most well-known religio-philosophical elements of Indian culture can be studied in this regard, which among many things explains the disability of a person in current life as a punishment for their sinful acts in their past lives. The prevalence of belief in Karma can be understood by the fact that the Charaka Samhita, a text dealing with medicine also emphasised the impact of a person’s past karma on their conditions at this birth (Kumari, 2019). In simple terms, the Hindu theory of karma suggests that- the suffering or enjoyments of this birth are a direct result of a person’s bad or good karma in the previous birth. Hence, by this logic, a person with any physical or mental disability has been “punished” because they did something grievously wrong in their past lives. This intricate Hindu philosophy of carrying the load of your deeds done in the past was simplified and given a form that could be easily understood and thus had a greater impact on a large number of people- mythological stories.

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In the book the Indian Experience, in a chapter named ‘Many Bhashas But One Literature’, U. R. Ananthamurthy writes, “Therefore it is possible to say, that apart from all the innumerable languages of India, there are two more languages, metaphorically speaking. These are the great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.” These two mighty texts introduced Indians to archetypes- characters who became representative of an entire group of people, who shared any of their traits with them. Among the numerous characters in the epic tradition, Manthara, the hunchbacked maid of Kaikeyi, Sri Rama’s step-mother has become the example of cunningness and trickery. An old, disfigured, and ugly image conjures up in our minds when we hear the name Manthara. But her story goes much beyond her being the instigator of the plot that sent Rama to exile.

The Ramopakhyan, Rama’s tale in the Mahabharata mentions that when Manthara introspected the results of her deviousness, she was filled with immeasurable guilt. Upon seeing her distress, Rama intervened and told her the story of her previous birth as a Gandharvi (celestial being). Rama told her that her deceit was in fact a part of a larger scheme of things, where she was being an instrument in fulfilling the curse of sage Bhrigu, who after seeing his wife killed by Vishnu, cursed him to suffer the separation of his wife on earth. In this way, she was making sure that even God himself does not escape the impact of his sins. As for her own role in the divine act and her repentance of the act, she was to be born in the next life as Trivakra (a triple-bent woman), where Krishna (another incarnation of Vishnu) would come to her rescue and release her from the cycle of birth and death as a deformed woman.

source: wordpress.org/openverse

This story is interesting in many ways. Noteworthy is how a complex story was created to explain the disability of Manthara in this life as well as in the next one. The mention of Rama repenting for his sin highlights the power of karmic retribution, even on the divine beings. No one escapes their Karma Phala (karma means deed and phala means fruit, literally the result of their deed). But for us, what is worth observing is that Manthara or Trivakra was an object in the divine scheme of things. She was instrumental in the exile of Rama, while for the listener or reader of these stories she serves as an example. An example of what to do and what not to do. If you observe Manthara and the other disabled characters in the epic traditions, you will observe a trend of them being used as an example of what will happen to a person if their deeds are not pious and good.

Considering that Indian society was dependent upon human labour, the presence of a disabled person in a family must have been seen as a burden. Since the person was unable to be of any “use” to the society physically, their utility was recognized in being an illustration- to be used when telling stories of morality. Though the collective attitude of Hindu mythological texts towards disabled individuals can be classified as “neutral” – sometimes presenting them in a negative light while in other instances as good people (for example, Surdas, Krishna’s devotee), when considered in reference to their presence as a device in rationalising the theory of karma, we will see how it reduces them from a human being to an object, owing to the ease with which they fit in the frame of specimens of karmic reckoning.

Stories like that of Manthara have contributed to our ways of seeing the disabled people around us. Their disability, though saddening, is a note of caution for us- “if you are not good in this life, this could be you in the next one.” The theory of karma is a good answer to the painful question- Why me? It can provide some solace to a religious disabled person in isolation, but when put in the context of society as a whole, that person is always vulnerable. They can be the receiver of generosity, welfare, sympathy (in the best cases) and aversion, displeasure, and exclusion (in the worst cases). Either way, the disabled person will remain in a disadvantageous position.

Surf your web browser for modern books on the theme of Karma and you will realise that this intricately designed concept still holds ground among Hindus and scholars of Hinduism. We live amongst numerous believers of Karmic retribution, which means, there are people who believe someone’s disability is a rightful punishment inflicted upon them for their condemnable acts in their past lives. This ignorance thanks to the ancient wisdom we inherited, probably helps us navigate through daily life without the difficulty of understanding. But our ignorance is not truly bliss, certainly not for the person next to us dealing with any kind of disability. Studies have shown a positive correlation between an increase in the level of education and inclusivity for the disabled. The solution is clear. Instead of displays of disgust or sympathy, what is needed for a change in our collective attitude is a comprehensive and humanitarian education, so that we can move from seeing the disabled lady as Manthara to seeing her as a human being.

Prakriti Anand
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